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Over-secretion of insulin may be triggered by the hyperreactivity of -cells to overconsumption of insulinogenic nutrients like carbohydrates and lipids, to compensate for decreased sensitivity to the hormone, in a vicious cycle that further increases weight gain [7778] Thus, while undernutrition is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, -cell failure and hepatic insulin resistance, obesity induces insulin resistance in muscle, liver and adipose tissue through -cell overstimulation and chronic hyperinsulinemia [45,46,47,48, 50, 77, 78] Despite these opposite mechanisms, both conditions converge on -cell dysfunction and disrupted insulin signaling, leading to impaired glucose regulation
Otosclerosis.AdvOtorhinolaryngol
De GraafCDonnellyDWoottenDLauJSextonPMMillerLJet al
In addition, ozone reaction products as well as some mediators produced in the lung can be detected in the blood providing a possible mechanism for extrapulmonary effects of ozone exposure
